- Rucellai, Cosimo, 1495-15191
- Rufina, Saint, -approximately 2871
- Russia1
- Rāfiʻī, ʻAbd al-Karīm ibn Muḥammad, 1162-1226. Muḥarrar1
- Rāfiʻī, ʻAbd al-Karīm ibn Muḥammad, 1162-1226. ʻAzīz ʻalá al-Wajīz1
- SS. Annunziata (Church : Florence, Italy)1
- Sacred vocal music1
- Saint-Geoire-en-Valdaine (France)1
- Sales (Islamic law)1
- Salviati, Antonio, 1816-18901
- Salviati, Averardo1
- Samaritans1
- Samarqandī, Abū al-Qāsim ibn Abī Bakr, active 15th century. Risālah al-Samarqandīyah fī al-istiʻārāt1
- Samarqandī, Muḥammad ibn Ashraf, active 13th century. Risālah fī ādāb al-baḥth1
- San Michele Visdomini (Church : Florence, Italy)1
- San Miniato (Church : Signa, Italy)1
- San Miniato, Antonio di1
- San Miniato, Cosimo di1
- San Miniato, Giovanni di1
- San Miniato, Niccolò di1