- Romances, Spanish1
- Rome (Empire)1
- Ros Pelayre, Miguel1
- Rueda family1
- Rueda, Baltasar de, active 1553-15691
- Rueda, Bernardino de, active 1553-15691
- Rueda, Luis de, active 1553-15691
- Rueda, Rodrigo de, active 1553-15691
- Rufina, Saint, -approximately 2871
- Sancho Garcés I, King of Navarre, -9251
- Sancho IV, King of Castile and Leon, 1257-12951
- Seals1
- Seals, wax1
- Sententiarum libri IV (Peter Lombard, Bishop of Paris)1
- Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de, 1490-15731
- Shipwrecks1
- Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland, 1520-15721
- Silver clasp plates1
- Silver mines and mining1
- Smelting1